Stoneware is a type of ceramic that undergoes high-temperature firing, typically above 1200-1400 degrees Celsius. This intense heat causes the clay to vitrify, making it impermeable to liquids even without a glaze. This was a significant advancement compared to ceramics fired at lower temperatures, which required a glaze to ensure water resistance. The history of stoneware dates back to ancient China, where unglazed stoneware was produced approximately 2,000 years ago. It was later reinvented in Germany in the 13th century. However, stoneware production didn't begin in Britain until the early 17th century.
Stoneware serves various purposes, including decorative items like jewelry and figurines, as well as practical items like tableware. Its waterproof nature makes it particularly well-suited for storing and transporting liquids such as beer, wine, vinegar, and mineral water. Therefore, stoneware vessels were commonly used by grocers, wine and beer merchants, brewers, and homeowners for storing and selling their products. To capitalize on these vessels as advertising tools, merchants often had their names and addresses stamped or transferred onto jugs and bottles.
Additionally, many stoneware vessels featured the maker's seal or mark, in addition to the merchant's information. Bristol, in particular, became a prominent center for the production of stoneware bottles and jugs used by grocers, brewers, and wine merchants. Initially, there were several small manufacturers, but by the 19th century, the industry had become dominated by two large companies, Powell and Price.